According to which theory does an individual's motivation relate to the expected outcomes of their actions?

The correct choice is Expectancy Theory, which posits that an individual's motivation is strongly influenced by their expectations of how their actions will lead to specific outcomes. This theory suggests that people are motivated to act in a way that they believe will yield favorable results based on their personal expectations. Essentially, if an individual expects that their efforts will lead to a successful outcome, they are more likely to be motivated to put in that effort.

In contrast, Equity Theory focuses on the balance between an individual's input and the outcomes they receive compared to others, emphasizing fairness rather than expected outcomes. The Motivation-Hygiene Theory, developed by Frederick Herzberg, distinguishes between factors that lead to job satisfaction and those that can cause dissatisfaction, but it does not directly relate motivation to expected outcomes of specific actions. Hierarchy of Needs Theory, formulated by Abraham Maslow, presents a progression of human needs that must be satisfied to motivate individuals, rather than framing motivation as a function of the expected results of actions.

Thus, Expectancy Theory captures the essence of motivation tied to the anticipated outcomes more effectively than the other theories presented.