What does body language include?

Body language encompasses a variety of non-verbal signals that convey meaning and emotions without the use of words. This includes posture, which reflects confidence or defensiveness; facial expressions, which can communicate a wide range of feelings from happiness to anger; and eye contact, which can indicate attentiveness, aggression, or intimacy. Together, these elements contribute to how messages are interpreted in social interactions.

Gestures are indeed part of body language, but they represent only one facet of the broader term. Written communication and vocal tone, while important in effective communication, involve verbal methods and are not classified under body language. Therefore, the correct answer reflects a comprehensive understanding of the physical signals that are typically categorized under body language.