Which theory identifies motivation as a dual factor that includes hygiene and motivational factors?

The identification of motivation as a dual factor that encompasses both hygiene and motivational factors is central to the Motivation-Hygiene Theory, proposed by Frederick Herzberg. This theory posits that there are certain factors in the workplace that can lead to job satisfaction, known as motivators, and other factors that can lead to job dissatisfaction, referred to as hygiene factors.

Hygiene factors, such as salary, job security, and working conditions, are essential for preventing dissatisfaction but do not necessarily motivate employees when improved. In contrast, motivators like achievement, recognition, and the nature of the work itself can enhance job satisfaction and drive employees to perform at their best. Understanding this dual nature helps organizations tailor their policies to foster motivation while simultaneously eliminating dissatisfaction, which is fundamental for enhancing employee engagement and performance.

The other mentioned theories do not categorize motivation in the same way. Expectancy Theory focuses on the expected outcomes of effort and the value of those outcomes, Equity Theory emphasizes fairness in work distribution and treatment among employees, while Hierarchy of Needs Theory outlines a progression of needs that must be met for motivation. None capture the dual-factor perspective of hygiene and motivators like the Motivation-Hygiene Theory does.